MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF WATER CORPORATION ENUGU)
ABSTRACT
This research is aimed at giving the causes of the operational and management problems of rural water supply programme in Nigeria, with a case study of Enugu State corporation Enugu.
To guide the study, five research questions were formulated and tested with percentages and ranking.
Based on the findings, some major findings include; that the ENSWC have inadequate as well as unsuitable materials and human resources for changes in the rural water supply programme in Enugu.
Consequently, it is found that operational and management problems of rural water supply in Nigeria, had adversely affected the functionality of the rural water supply.
Finally it is found that frequent changes in government and leadership of the country had adversely affected the management of Enugu State water corporation.
Based on the above findings some major recommendations were made for effective implemetations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page I
Title Page II
Approval Page III
Dedication IV
Acknowledgement V
Abstract VII
Table Of Contents IX
Chapter One
Introduction 1
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement Of The Problem 4
1.3 Purpose Of The Study 6
1.4 Scope Of The Study 7
1.5 Research Question 7
1.6 Research Hypothesis 8
1.7 Significance Of The Study 8
1.8 Limitations Of The Study 10
Reference 13
Chapter Two
Literature Review 14
2.1 The Nature Of Rural Water Supply In The Rural Community 13
2.2 Administration Of Enugu State Water Corporation (ENSWC) 19
2.3 Management And Organization Of Enswc 31
2.4 Operations And Maintenance Support Facilities34
2.5 Problems And Prospects Of Enswc 36
2.6 Summary Of The Related Literature Review 44
Reference 47
Chapter Three
Research Methodology 48
3.1 Research Of The Study 48
3.2 Area Of The Study 48
3.3 Population Of The Study 49
3.4 Sample And Sampling Procedure/Technology 49
3.5 Instrument For Data Collection 50
3.6 Validation Of The Instrument 51
3.7 Reliability Of The Instrument 51
3.8 Method Of Data Collection 52
3.9 Method Of Data Analysis 52
References 55
Chapter Four
4.1 Data Presentation And Analysis 56
4.2 Summary Of Results 79
References 83
Chapter Five
5.1 Discussion Of Results 84
5.2 Conclusion 92
5.3 Implication Of The Research Findings 94
5.4 Recommendations. 95
5.5 Suggestion For Further Research 98
Bibliography 99
Appendixes 102
References 104
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria is blessed by nature with a lot of natural resources amongst which, water is one of them. WHO (1976) confirmed that Nigeria was blessed with abundant water resources, the excess of which has been causing floods and erosion in many parts of the country. However, the distribution of this water resources was not eventy spread over the country, life and other agricultural activities every year irrespective of the drought that frequently occur in the northern part of the county, of course man had been obtaining water for domestic and other purposes since man’s creation.
Water supply can therefore be said to be as old as man itself. Inspite of the availability of this water resources, WHO (1976) maintained that its supply to be majority of the population especially the rural areas is every much inadequate.
ILO (1993), affirmed that whenever a community rural or urban exists, that there is already a supply of some sort, otherwise, there would not have been people residing. He noted that rural water supply covers a wide category of schemes. Anambra state of Nigeria Edict No 1 (1978) simply defines Rural water supply as a wide category of schemes ranging from a well width buckets supplying water to a few isolated huts to river pumping schemes from such or simple treatment as communal stand pipes to tap in individuals homes and provisions for livestock and vegetable gardens.
Ilo (1973) however stated that various traditional means of obtaining water has been developed by individuals and communities for many centuries and that some of these systems were very much in use by various communities both rural and urban, in Anambra State and indeed, Nigeria. he however maintained that the rural water supply may be inadequate in quantity. Dangerous to health, inconvenient and unreliable but basically) “water is there and is being used”.
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (1973) confirmed that it was only about 20% of the populations of Nigeria that have access to potable water supply. It further stated that have access to people are those that are living in the urban and semi-urban areas of the country and that even the privilege places that have access to such facilities were not being served sufficiently. This is the need for the provision of adequate water supply and sanitation is highly appreciated. And this has promoted the choice of the topic on the management and operational problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. A case study of water corporation Enugu, with a view to recommend solution which if accepted would help to solve these and as well, facilitate to the alleviation of the suffering of the people. Water corporation was established as a parastatals under Anambra state of Nigeria Edict No 16 of 1978. The corporations was originally charged with the statutory responsibility of supplying drinking water to all the urban as well as the rural communities of old Anambra state. It was formally the water section of the then East Central State Ministry responsible of works and housing. The General manager is responsible for the day to day ruining of the corporation, while the Board of directors of the commissioner of the controlling ministry in the absence of the governing board, is responsible for policy matters only operating eleven (11) zonal offices in the state including Enugu” He stated that the corporaiton is principally maintained from Government subventions and Budget Allocation for capital projects and from internally generated revenues, water tariffs, sale of metres fees etc for its day to day operations.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Enugu as a growing industrial and commercial town has been without adequate supply of potable water. This potable water supply inadequacies being experienced in the rural communities of Enugu have been brought about by many factors. despite the huge sums of money being sunk into these rural water supply, yet water is still very inadequate.
1. It has been difficult for the society to understand the extent of the aims and objectives for setting up the water corporation.
2. Another problem is weather the resources both human and material are adequate.
3. The attitude of water consumers has also constitute a problem.
4. The instability in government constant changes in leadership is another problem.
5. Their has been a problem to understand that of the rural consumers.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
The purpose of this research project on the management and operational problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. a case study of water corporation Enugu is to investigate;
1. The extent to which the aims and objectives of rural water supply programme are being achieved in Nigeria with particular reference to Enugu rural communities.
2. To find out the extent of adequacy and suitability of materials and human resources for change in rural water supply programme Enugu.
3. The characteristics of rural households with respect to their domain for and use of water and the rural water supply.
4. The extent to which the change in government and leadership affects the steady water supply.
5. To find the extent to which the management and operation problems affects the functionality of the rural water supply services in Nigeria with respect to Enugu.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study is water corporation Enugu and specifically the management operational problems of rural water supply.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To guide the study five research questions were formulated;
They include the following.
1. What are the characteristics of rural households?
2. To what extent are the aims and objectives of rural water supply programmes being achieved in Nigeria?
3. How adequate and suitable are the materials and human resources for change in rural water supply programme in Enugu.
4. To what extent does the management and operational problems affects the functions of rural water supply service in Enugu.
5. To what extent does the changes in government and leadership affect the management of water corporation Enugu?.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
To guide this study four research hypothesis were formulated.
They include the following;
Ho - The policies of rural water supply programme have not achieved its objectives and aims in Nigeria.
Hi - The policies of rural water supply programme have achieved its objectives aims in Nigeria
1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY.
The issues of the benefits in effective and increased water supply in the rural areas of Enugu cannot be over emphasized as it has been stated earlier. Inadequate water supply coupled by sanitation has been the problem of the rural communities in Enugu.
1. The growing industrial and communal town of Enugu has been without adequate supply of potable water since the collapse of the two bore-holes at Umuopku pumping station.
2. It is however holed that the research on the management and operation problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. A case study of water corporation Enugu will provide information which if utilized will help in finding solution to the above problems.
3. The information gathered from this study is also expected to serve as a basic for social policy decision which will be beneficial to the community and will improve and enhance the efficiency of water corporation Enugu.
4. It is also hoped that participation in this research project will help to broaden the knowledge of the researcher in the field of management and operations of similar establishment.
5. By reading the original paper such as minutes books and the review of textbooks and research reports written by professionals on the same or similar topics. The growth and exposure of the research knowledge will be enhanced. On the other hand the field work on this project have made it possible for researcher to have interactions with people of diverse characteristics and to have a first hand knowledge of their attitude towards solving of their water problems.
LIMITATIONS.
The resource project must necessities have its limitations.
1. Th field work for this study was undertaken over a period of few months.
2. The major limitations of this study was founding in view of the prevailing economic circumstances in the country.
The research has problems of finding the resource project. As a result, this work has been cut down to a manageable level.
3. The time factor is a limitation within which this research was carried out, it also posed a problem under such a situation, it was practically impossible for the researcher to emplore all necessary avenues that might have been very vital to the study. It is not possible, as a matter of fact, to discuss in details, the observation and experiences of the researcher in course of this research.
4. The government Bureaucracy and re-tape in releasing information to the research, especially as it related to official documents.
The behaviour of individuals is not dynamics especially when they know that they are being observed by others. Some of the staffs of the Enugu State water corporation faked goods. The interviews with the private bore-holes management and attendants presented much problems in terms of potential bias. Many of them refused to talk to the researchers and when they did resorted.
This research is aimed at giving the causes of the operational and management problems of rural water supply programme in Nigeria, with a case study of Enugu State corporation Enugu.
To guide the study, five research questions were formulated and tested with percentages and ranking.
Based on the findings, some major findings include; that the ENSWC have inadequate as well as unsuitable materials and human resources for changes in the rural water supply programme in Enugu.
Consequently, it is found that operational and management problems of rural water supply in Nigeria, had adversely affected the functionality of the rural water supply.
Finally it is found that frequent changes in government and leadership of the country had adversely affected the management of Enugu State water corporation.
Based on the above findings some major recommendations were made for effective implemetations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page I
Title Page II
Approval Page III
Dedication IV
Acknowledgement V
Abstract VII
Table Of Contents IX
Chapter One
Introduction 1
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement Of The Problem 4
1.3 Purpose Of The Study 6
1.4 Scope Of The Study 7
1.5 Research Question 7
1.6 Research Hypothesis 8
1.7 Significance Of The Study 8
1.8 Limitations Of The Study 10
Reference 13
Chapter Two
Literature Review 14
2.1 The Nature Of Rural Water Supply In The Rural Community 13
2.2 Administration Of Enugu State Water Corporation (ENSWC) 19
2.3 Management And Organization Of Enswc 31
2.4 Operations And Maintenance Support Facilities34
2.5 Problems And Prospects Of Enswc 36
2.6 Summary Of The Related Literature Review 44
Reference 47
Chapter Three
Research Methodology 48
3.1 Research Of The Study 48
3.2 Area Of The Study 48
3.3 Population Of The Study 49
3.4 Sample And Sampling Procedure/Technology 49
3.5 Instrument For Data Collection 50
3.6 Validation Of The Instrument 51
3.7 Reliability Of The Instrument 51
3.8 Method Of Data Collection 52
3.9 Method Of Data Analysis 52
References 55
Chapter Four
4.1 Data Presentation And Analysis 56
4.2 Summary Of Results 79
References 83
Chapter Five
5.1 Discussion Of Results 84
5.2 Conclusion 92
5.3 Implication Of The Research Findings 94
5.4 Recommendations. 95
5.5 Suggestion For Further Research 98
Bibliography 99
Appendixes 102
References 104
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria is blessed by nature with a lot of natural resources amongst which, water is one of them. WHO (1976) confirmed that Nigeria was blessed with abundant water resources, the excess of which has been causing floods and erosion in many parts of the country. However, the distribution of this water resources was not eventy spread over the country, life and other agricultural activities every year irrespective of the drought that frequently occur in the northern part of the county, of course man had been obtaining water for domestic and other purposes since man’s creation.
Water supply can therefore be said to be as old as man itself. Inspite of the availability of this water resources, WHO (1976) maintained that its supply to be majority of the population especially the rural areas is every much inadequate.
ILO (1993), affirmed that whenever a community rural or urban exists, that there is already a supply of some sort, otherwise, there would not have been people residing. He noted that rural water supply covers a wide category of schemes. Anambra state of Nigeria Edict No 1 (1978) simply defines Rural water supply as a wide category of schemes ranging from a well width buckets supplying water to a few isolated huts to river pumping schemes from such or simple treatment as communal stand pipes to tap in individuals homes and provisions for livestock and vegetable gardens.
Ilo (1973) however stated that various traditional means of obtaining water has been developed by individuals and communities for many centuries and that some of these systems were very much in use by various communities both rural and urban, in Anambra State and indeed, Nigeria. he however maintained that the rural water supply may be inadequate in quantity. Dangerous to health, inconvenient and unreliable but basically) “water is there and is being used”.
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (1973) confirmed that it was only about 20% of the populations of Nigeria that have access to potable water supply. It further stated that have access to people are those that are living in the urban and semi-urban areas of the country and that even the privilege places that have access to such facilities were not being served sufficiently. This is the need for the provision of adequate water supply and sanitation is highly appreciated. And this has promoted the choice of the topic on the management and operational problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. A case study of water corporation Enugu, with a view to recommend solution which if accepted would help to solve these and as well, facilitate to the alleviation of the suffering of the people. Water corporation was established as a parastatals under Anambra state of Nigeria Edict No 16 of 1978. The corporations was originally charged with the statutory responsibility of supplying drinking water to all the urban as well as the rural communities of old Anambra state. It was formally the water section of the then East Central State Ministry responsible of works and housing. The General manager is responsible for the day to day ruining of the corporation, while the Board of directors of the commissioner of the controlling ministry in the absence of the governing board, is responsible for policy matters only operating eleven (11) zonal offices in the state including Enugu” He stated that the corporaiton is principally maintained from Government subventions and Budget Allocation for capital projects and from internally generated revenues, water tariffs, sale of metres fees etc for its day to day operations.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Enugu as a growing industrial and commercial town has been without adequate supply of potable water. This potable water supply inadequacies being experienced in the rural communities of Enugu have been brought about by many factors. despite the huge sums of money being sunk into these rural water supply, yet water is still very inadequate.
1. It has been difficult for the society to understand the extent of the aims and objectives for setting up the water corporation.
2. Another problem is weather the resources both human and material are adequate.
3. The attitude of water consumers has also constitute a problem.
4. The instability in government constant changes in leadership is another problem.
5. Their has been a problem to understand that of the rural consumers.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
The purpose of this research project on the management and operational problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. a case study of water corporation Enugu is to investigate;
1. The extent to which the aims and objectives of rural water supply programme are being achieved in Nigeria with particular reference to Enugu rural communities.
2. To find out the extent of adequacy and suitability of materials and human resources for change in rural water supply programme Enugu.
3. The characteristics of rural households with respect to their domain for and use of water and the rural water supply.
4. The extent to which the change in government and leadership affects the steady water supply.
5. To find the extent to which the management and operation problems affects the functionality of the rural water supply services in Nigeria with respect to Enugu.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study is water corporation Enugu and specifically the management operational problems of rural water supply.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To guide the study five research questions were formulated;
They include the following.
1. What are the characteristics of rural households?
2. To what extent are the aims and objectives of rural water supply programmes being achieved in Nigeria?
3. How adequate and suitable are the materials and human resources for change in rural water supply programme in Enugu.
4. To what extent does the management and operational problems affects the functions of rural water supply service in Enugu.
5. To what extent does the changes in government and leadership affect the management of water corporation Enugu?.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
To guide this study four research hypothesis were formulated.
They include the following;
Ho - The policies of rural water supply programme have not achieved its objectives and aims in Nigeria.
Hi - The policies of rural water supply programme have achieved its objectives aims in Nigeria
1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY.
The issues of the benefits in effective and increased water supply in the rural areas of Enugu cannot be over emphasized as it has been stated earlier. Inadequate water supply coupled by sanitation has been the problem of the rural communities in Enugu.
1. The growing industrial and communal town of Enugu has been without adequate supply of potable water since the collapse of the two bore-holes at Umuopku pumping station.
2. It is however holed that the research on the management and operation problems of rural water supply in Nigeria. A case study of water corporation Enugu will provide information which if utilized will help in finding solution to the above problems.
3. The information gathered from this study is also expected to serve as a basic for social policy decision which will be beneficial to the community and will improve and enhance the efficiency of water corporation Enugu.
4. It is also hoped that participation in this research project will help to broaden the knowledge of the researcher in the field of management and operations of similar establishment.
5. By reading the original paper such as minutes books and the review of textbooks and research reports written by professionals on the same or similar topics. The growth and exposure of the research knowledge will be enhanced. On the other hand the field work on this project have made it possible for researcher to have interactions with people of diverse characteristics and to have a first hand knowledge of their attitude towards solving of their water problems.
LIMITATIONS.
The resource project must necessities have its limitations.
1. Th field work for this study was undertaken over a period of few months.
2. The major limitations of this study was founding in view of the prevailing economic circumstances in the country.
The research has problems of finding the resource project. As a result, this work has been cut down to a manageable level.
3. The time factor is a limitation within which this research was carried out, it also posed a problem under such a situation, it was practically impossible for the researcher to emplore all necessary avenues that might have been very vital to the study. It is not possible, as a matter of fact, to discuss in details, the observation and experiences of the researcher in course of this research.
4. The government Bureaucracy and re-tape in releasing information to the research, especially as it related to official documents.
The behaviour of individuals is not dynamics especially when they know that they are being observed by others. Some of the staffs of the Enugu State water corporation faked goods. The interviews with the private bore-holes management and attendants presented much problems in terms of potential bias. Many of them refused to talk to the researchers and when they did resorted.
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